TJ Leonard writes: "But the actual place where propitiation was made and the Atonement perfected is before the throne in the holiest and the throne itself is the true mercy-seat or propitiatory in virtue of the Lord’s entrance into the holiest as the priestly representative of His own sacrificial work." (p 9).

This is similar to CE Stuart who wrote that, "Propitiation, then, has been made inside the heavenly sanctuary." ('Propitiation' in "The Christian's Friend" 1880). He was criticized by many.